북미에서의 철새들의 이동. The Book of USFWS Circular 16: Migration of Birds (1979), by Frederick C.

북미에서의 철새들의 이동. The Book of USFWS Circular 16: Migration of Birds (1979), by Frederick C. Lincoln
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE 1
INTRODUCTION 2
THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF MIGRATION 4
TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING MIGRATION 7
Direct Observation 7
Aural 8
Preserved Specimens 8
Marking 8
Bands, Collars, Streamers 8
Radio Tracking 10
Radar Observation 10
Laboratory 11
Orientation and Navigation 11
Physiology of Migration 11
ADVANTAGES OF MIGRATION 13
STIMULUS FOR MIGRATION 15
WHEN BIRDS MIGRATE 17
Time of Year 17
Time of Day 20
SPEED OF FLIGHT AND MIGRATION 25
ALTITUDE OF FLIGHT AND MIGRATION 32
SEGREGATION DURING MIGRATION 35
By Individuals or Groups of Species 35
By Age 36
By Sex 38
By Kinds of Flocks 40
WHERE BIRDS MIGRATE 41
Migration by Populations Within Species 41
Fall Flights Not Far South of Breeding Range 42
Long Distance Migration 44
ORIENTATION AND NAVIGATION 47
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER 51
INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY 56
PERILS OF MIGRATION- vi - 58
Storms 58
Aerial Obstructions 58
Exhaustion 59
ROUTES OF MIGRATION 61
General Considerations 61
Flyways and Corridors 62
Narrow Routes 65
Converging Routes 65
Principal Routes From North America 69
Atlantic Oceanic Route 69
Atlantic Coast Route and Tributaries 70
Mackenzie Valley- Great Lakes？Mississippi
Valley Route and Tributaries
73
Great Plains- Rocky Mountain Routes 75
Pacific Coast Route 76
Pacific Oceanic Route 80
Arctic Routes 80
PATTERNS OF MIGRATION 82
Loops 82
Dog- legs 87
Pelagic Wandering 90
Leap- frogging 90
Vertical Migration 91
Pre- migratory Movements 91
Vagrant Migration 92
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION 95
WHERE WE STAND 100
BIBLIOGRAPHY 102
LIST OF BIRD SPECIES MENTIONED IN TEXT 115